\begin{document}$w\sim{\cal{O}}(10^{-2})$\end{document} between the end of inflation and the onset of radiation domination can significantly suppress the production of PBHs, leading to alleviation of the PBH-overproduction issue. With the inferred interval \begin{document}$w=0.44_{-0.40}^{+0.52}$\end{document} at 95% confidence level, our scenario can interpret the PTA data just as well as the conventional scenario of SIGWs produced during the radiation domination."> Unraveling the early universe’s equation of state and primordial black hole production with PTA, BBN, and CMB observations -
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