\begin{document}$b\bar{b}$\end{document} excesses at 95.4 GeV, as well as nano-Hertz gravitational waves originating from domain walls, within the framework of the next-to-two-Higgs-doublet model (N2HDM), which extends the two-Higgs-doublet model by introducing a real singlet scalar subject to a discrete \begin{document}$Z_2$\end{document} symmetry. The \begin{document}$Z_2$\end{document} symmetry is spontaneously broken by the non-zero vacuum expectation value of the singlet scalar, \begin{document}$v_s$\end{document}, which leads to the formation of domain walls. Two different scenarios are discussed: in scenario A, the 95.4 GeV Higgs boson predominantly originates from the singlet field, while in scenario B, it arises mainly from the CP-even components of the Higgs doublets. Accounting for relevant theoretical and experimental constraints, scenario A can fully account for both the diphoton and \begin{document}$b\bar{b}$\end{document} excesses at 95.4 GeV within the \begin{document}$1\sigma$\end{document} range. In the parameter space accommodating both excesses, scenario A fails to provide a valid explanation for the NANOGrav data up to \begin{document}$v_s=$\end{document} 1000 TeV, and the predicted gravitational wave spectrum can exceed the SKA sensitivity curve in the low frequency region. Scenario B only marginally accounts for the diphoton and \begin{document}$b\bar{b}$\end{document} excesses at the \begin{document}$1\sigma$\end{document} level, but can simultaneously explain the NANOGrav data well."> 95 GeV Higgs boson and nano-Hertz gravitational waves from domain walls in the next-to-two-Higgs-doublet model -
  • [1]

    R. Barateet al. (LEP Working Group for Higgs boson searches, ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL), Phys. Lett. B565, 61 (2003)

  • [2]

    CMS collaboration, CMS-PAS-HIG-20-002, (2023)

  • [3]

    G. Aadet al. (ATLAS), JHEP01, 053 (2025)

  • [4]

    T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyer, and G. Weiglein, Phys. Rev. D109, 035005 (2024)

  • [5]

    J. Cao, X. Guo, Y. Heet al., Phys. Rev. D95, 116001 (2017)

  • [6]

    T. Biekötter, M. Chakraborti, and S. Heinemeyer, Eur. Phys. J. C80, 2 (2020)

  • [7]

    S. Heinemeyer, C. Li, F. Likaet al., Phys. Rev. D106, 075003 (2022)

  • [8]

    T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyer, and G. Weiglein, JHEP08, 201 (2022)

  • [9]

    J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, H. B. Câmara, F. R. Joaquimet al., Phys. Rev. D108, 075020 (2023)

  • [10]

    K. Choi, S. H. Im, K. S. Jeonget al., Eur. Phys. J. C79, 956 (2019)

  • [11]

    S. Ma, K. Wang, and J. Zhu, Chin. Phys. C45, 023113 (2021)

  • [12]

    W. Li, H. Qiao, and J. Zhu, Chin. Phys. C47, 123102 (2023)

  • [13]

    U. Ellwanger and C. Hugonie, Eur. Phys. J. C83, 1138 (2023)

  • [14]

    P. S. B. Dev, R. N. Mohapatra, and Y. Zhang, Phys. Lett. B849, 138481 (2024)

  • [15]

    C. Bonilla, A. E. Carcamo Hernandez, S. Kovalenkoet al., JHEP12, 075 (2023)

  • [16]

    C. X. Liu, Y. Zhou, X. Y. Zhenget al., Phys. Rev. D109, 056001 (2024)

  • [17]

    W. Li, H. Qiao, K. Wanget al., arXiv: 2312.17599

  • [18]

    G. Abbas and N. Singh, arXiv: 2312.16532

  • [19]

    A. Ahriche, M. L. Bellilet, M. O. Khojaliet al., Phys. Rev. D110(1), 015025 (2024)

  • [20]

    J. Cao, X. Jia, J. Lianet al., Phys. Rev. D109, 075001 (2024)

  • [21]

    M. Maniatis and O. Nachtmann, Phys. Rev. D111(5), 055009 (2025)

  • [22]

    A. Belyaev, R. Benbrik, M. Boukidiet al., JHEP05, 209 (2024)

  • [23]

    D. Azevedo, T. Biekötter, and P. M. Ferreira, JHEP11, 017 (2023)

  • [24]

    D. Bhatia, N. Desai, and S. Dwivedi, JHEP06, 100 (2023)

  • [25]

    T. K. Chen, C. W. Chiang, S. Heinemeyeret al., Phys. Rev. D109, 075043 (2024)

  • [26]

    A. Ahriche, Phys. Rev. D110(3), 3 (2024)

  • [27]

    G. Arcadi, G. Busoni, D. Cabo-Almeidaet al., Phys. Rev. D110(11), 11 (2024)

  • [28]

    D. Borah, S. Mahapatra, P. K. Paulet al., Phys. Rev. D109, 055021 (2024)

  • [29]

    S. Banik, G. Coloretti, A. Crivellinet al., JHEP01, 155 (2025)

  • [30]

    J. Dutta, J. Lahiri, C. Liet al., Eur. Phys. J. C84(9), 926 (2024)

  • [31]

    S. Bhattacharya, G. Coloretti, A. Crivellinet al., arXiv: 2306.17209

  • [32]

    S. Ashanujjaman, S. Banik, G. Colorettiet al., Phys. Rev. D108, L091704 (2023)

  • [33]

    P. Escribano, V. M. Lozano, and A. Vicente, Phys. Rev. D108, 115001 (2023)

  • [34]

    T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyer, and G. Weiglein, Phys. Lett. B846, 138217 (2023)

  • [35]

    S. Banik, A. Crivellin, S. Iguroet al., Phys. Rev. D108, 075011 (2023)

  • [36]

    G. Coloretti, A. Crivellin, S. Bhattacharyaet al., Phys. Rev. D108, 035026 (2023)

  • [37]

    A. Ahriche, Phys. Rev. D107, 015006 (2023)

  • [38]

    R. Benbrik, M. Boukidi, S. Morettiet al., Phys. Lett. B832, 137245 (2022)

  • [39]

    T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyer, and G. Weiglein, Eur. Phys. J. C83, 450 (2023)

  • [40]

    T. Biekötter, A. Grohsjean, S. Heinemeyeret al., Eur. Phys. J. C82, 178 (2022)

  • [41]

    A. A. Abdelalim, B. Das, S. Khalilet al., Nucl. Phys. B985, 116013 (2022)

  • [42]

    T. Biekötter, M. Chakraborti, and S. Heinemeyer, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A36, 2142018 (2021)

  • [43]

    J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, and F. R. Joaquim, Eur. Phys. J. C80, 403 (2020)

  • [44]

    J. Cao, X. Jia, Y. Yueet al., Phys. Rev. D101, 055008 (2020)

  • [45]

    A. Kundu, S. Maharana, and P. Mondal, Nucl. Phys. B955, 115057 (2020)

  • [46]

    J. Cao, X. Jia, and J. Lian, Phys. Rev. D110(11), 115039 (2024)

  • [47]

    J. Kalinowski and W. Kotlarski, JHEP07, 037 (2024)

  • [48]

    U. Ellwanger, C. Hugonie, S. F. Kinget al., Eur. Phys. J. C84(8), 788 (2024)

  • [49]

    R. Benbrik, M. Boukidi, and S. Moretti, Phys. Rev. D110(11), 115030 (2024)

  • [50]

    J. Lian, Phys. Rev. D110(11), 115018 (2024)

  • [51]

    J. L. Yang, M. H. Guo, W. H. Zhanget al., arXiv: 2406.01926

  • [52]

    J. Gao, X. F. Han, J. Maet al., Phys. Rev. D110, 115045 (2024)

  • [53]

    A. Khanna, S. Moretti, and A. Sarkar, arXiv: 2409.02587

  • [54]

    B. Ait-Ouazghour, M. Chabab, and K. Goure, arXiv: 2410.11140

  • [55]

    S. Gao, S. M. Zhao, S. Diet al., Nucl. Phys. B1018, 117026 (2025)

  • [56]

    T. Mondal, S. Moretti, and P. Sanyal, arXiv: 2412.00474

  • [57]

    S. Banik, G. Coloretti, A. Crivellinet al., Phys. Rev. D111, 075021 (2025)

  • [58]

    A. Hmissou, S. Moretti, and L. Rahili, arXiv: 2502.03631

  • [59]

    X. Du, H. Liu, and Q. Chang, Phys. Rev. D112(1), 015019 (2025)

  • [60]

    A. Arhrib, K. H. Phan, V. Q. Tranet al., Nucl. Phys. B1015, 116909 (2025)

  • [61]

    Z. Li, N. Liu, and B. Zhu, arXiv: 2504.21273

  • [62]

    S. Yaser Ayazi, M. Hosseini, S. Paktinat Mehdiabadiet al., Phys. Rev. D110, 055004 (2024)

  • [63]

    G. Agazieet al. (NANOGrav), Astrophys. J. Lett.951, L8 (2023)

  • [64]

    G. Agazieet al. (NANOGrav), Astrophys. J. Lett.952, L37 (2023)

  • [65]

    J. Antoniadiset al. (EPTA), Astron. Astrophys.678, A48 (2023)

  • [66]

    J. Antoniadiset al. (EPTA and InPTA]), Astron. Astrophys.678, A49 (2023)

  • [67]

    D. J. Reardon, A. Zic, R. M. Shannonet al., Astrophys. J. Lett.951, L6 (2023)

  • [68]

    H. Xu, S. Chen, Y. Guoet al., Res. Astron. Astrophys.23, 075024 (2023)

  • [69]

    A. Afzalet al. (NANOGrav), Astrophys. J. Lett.951, L11 (2023) [Erratum: Astrophys. J. Lett.971, L27 (2024); Erratum: Astrophys. J.971, L27 (2024)]

  • [70]

    J. Ellis, M. Lewicki, C. Linet al., Phys. Rev. D108, 103511 (2023)

  • [71]

    L. Bian, S. Ge, J. Shuet al., Phys. Rev. D109, L101301 (2024)

  • [72]

    Z. Wang, L. Lei, H. Jiaoet al., Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron.66, 120403 (2023)

  • [73]

    G. Lazarides, R. Maji, and Q. Shafi, Phys. Rev. D108, 095041 (2023)

  • [74]

    A. Eichhorn, R. R. Lino dos Santos, and J. a. L. Miqueleto, Phys. Rev. D109, 026013 (2024)

  • [75]

    D. Chowdhury, G. Tasinato, and I. Zavala, JCAP11, 090 (2023)

  • [76]

    S. Antusch, K. Hinze, S. Saadet al., Phys. Rev. D108, 095053 (2023)

  • [77]

    M. Yamada and K. Yonekura, JHEP09, 197 (2023)

  • [78]

    S. Ge, JCAP06, 064 (2024)

  • [79]

    S. Basilakos, D. V. Nanopoulos, T. Papanikolaouet al., Phys. Lett. B850, 138507 (2024)

  • [80]

    A. Avgoustidis, E. J. Copeland, A. Mosset al., JCAP07, 091 (2025)

  • [81]

    N. Kitajima, J. Lee, K. Muraiet al., Phys. Lett. B851, 138586 (2024)

  • [82]

    S. Blasi, A. Mariotti, A. Raseet al., JHEP11, 169 (2023)

  • [83]

    Y. Gouttenoire and E. Vitagliano, Phys. Rev. D110, L061306 (2024)

  • [84]

    B. Q. Lu, C. W. Chiang, and T. Li, Phys. Rev. D109, L101304 (2024)

  • [85]

    E. Babichev, D. Gorbunov, S. Ramazanovet al., Phys. Rev. D108, 123529 (2023)

  • [86]

    G. B. Gelmini and J. Hyman, Phys. Lett. B848, 138356 (2024)

  • [87]

    S. Y. Guo, M. Khlopov, X. Liuet al., Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron.67, 111011 (2024)

  • [88]

    Z. Zhang, C. Cai, Y. H. Suet al., Phys. Rev. D108, 095037 (2023)

  • [89]

    M. X. Huang, F. Wang, and Y. K. Zhang, Phys. Rev. D109, 075032 (2024)

  • [90]

    X. K. Du, M. X. Huang, F. Wanget al., arXiv: 2307.02938

  • [91]

    H. J. Li and Y. F. Zhou, Chin. Phys. C49, 035101 (2025)

  • [92]

    Y. Li, L. Bian, R. G. Caiet al., JCAP08, 091 (2025)

  • [93]

    B. Q. Lu, C. W. Chiang, and T. Li, arXiv: 2409.10251

  • [94]

    K. Fujikura, S. Girmohanta, Y. Nakaiet al., Phys. Lett. B846, 138203 (2023)

  • [95]

    G. Franciolini, D. Racco, and F. Rompineve, Phys. Rev. Lett.132, 081001 (2024)

  • [96]

    T. Bringmann, P. F. Depta, T. Konstandinet al., JCAP11, 053 (2023)

  • [97]

    A. Addazi, Y. F. Cai, A. Marcianoet al., Phys. Rev. D109, 015028 (2024)

  • [98]

    Y. Bai, T. K. Chen, and M. Korwar, JHEP12, 194 (2023)

  • [99]

    C. Han, K. P. Xie, J. M. Yanget al., Phys. Rev. D109, 115025 (2024)

  • [100]

    L. Zu, C. Zhang, Y. Y. Liet al., Sci. Bull.69, 741 (2024)

  • [101]

    T. Ghosh, A. Ghoshal, H. K. Guoet al, JCAP05, 100 (2024)

  • [102]

    Y. Xiao, J. M. Yang, and Y. Zhang, Sci. Bull.68, 3158 (2023)

  • [103]

    S. P. Li and K. P. Xie, Phys. Rev. D108, 055018 (2023)

  • [104]

    P. Di Bari and M. H. Rahat, Phys. Rev. D110, 055019 (2024)

  • [105]

    J. S. Cruz, F. Niedermann, and M. S. Sloth, Phys. Lett. B846, 138202 (2023)

  • [106]

    Y. Gouttenoire, Phys. Rev. Lett.131, 171404 (2023)

  • [107]

    M. Ahmadvand, L. Bian, and S. Shakeri, Phys. Rev. D108, 115020 (2023)

  • [108]

    A. Salvio, JCAP12, 046 (2023)

  • [109]

    P. Athron, A. Fowlie, C. T. Luet al., Phys. Rev. Lett.132, 221001 (2024)

  • [110]

    S. Jiang, A. Yang, J. Maet al., Class. Quant. Grav.41, 065009 (2024)

  • [111]

    S. He, L. Li, S. Wanget al., Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron.68, 210411 (2025)

  • [112]

    W. Chao, J. J. Feng, H. K. Guoet al., Nucl. Phys. B1009, 116740 (2024)

  • [113]

    J. Gonçalves, D. Marfatia, A. P. Moraiset al., Phys. Lett. B869, 139829 (2025)

  • [114]

    F. Costa, J. Hoefken Zink, M. Lucenteet al., Phys. Lett. B868, 139634 (2025)

  • [115]

    A. Salvio, Phys. Lett. B852, 138639 (2024)

  • [116]

    S. Vagnozzi, JHEAp39, 81 (2023)

  • [117]

    L. Frosina and A. Urbano, Phys. Rev. D108, 103544 (2023)

  • [118]

    L. Liu, Z. C. Chen, and Q. G. Huang, Phys. Rev. D109, L061301 (2024)

  • [119]

    C. Unal, A. Papageorgiou, and I. Obata, Phys. Lett. B856, 138873 (2024)

  • [120]

    P. Bari, N. Bartolo, G. Domenechet al., Phys. Rev. D109, 023509 (2024)

  • [121]

    B. Das, N. Jaman, and M. Sami, Phys. Rev. D108, 103510 (2023)

  • [122]

    J. Q. Jiang, Y. Cai, G. Yeet al., JCAP05, 004 (2024)

  • [123]

    M. A. Gorji, M. Sasaki, and T. Suyama, Phys. Lett. B846, 138214 (2023)

  • [124]

    H. An, B. Su, H. Taiet al., Phys. Rev. D109, L121304 (2024)

  • [125]

    J. Cang, Y. Gao, Y. Liuet al., Phys. Lett. B864, 139429 (2025)

  • [126]

    L. Liu, Z. C. Chen, and Q. G. Huang, JCAP11, 071 (2023)

  • [127]

    L. Liu, Y. Wu, and Z. C. Chen, JCAP04, 011 (2024)

  • [128]

    C. Y. Chen, M. Freid, and M. Sher, Phys. Rev. D89, 075009 (2014)

  • [129]

    M. Muhlleitner, M. O. P. Sampaio, R. Santoset al., JHEP03, 094 (2017)

  • [130]

    I. Engeln, M. Mühlleitner, and J. Wittbrodt, Comput. Phys. Commun.234, 256 (2019)

  • [131]

    M. Y. Sassi and G. Moortgat-Pick, JHEP06, 072 (2025)

  • [132]

    A. Vilenkin, Phys. Rev. D23, 852 (1981)

  • [133]

    G. B. Gelmini, M. Gleiser, and E. W. Kolb, Phys. Rev. D39, 1558 (1989)

  • [134]

    S. E. Larsson, S. Sarkar, and P. L. White, Phys. Rev. D55, 5129 (1997)

  • [135]

    L. Wang, J. M. Yang, and Y. Zhang, Commun. Theor. Phys.74, 097202 (2022)

  • [136]

    H. Bahl, T. Biekötter, S. Heinemeyeret al., Comput. Phys. Commun.291, 108803 (2023)

  • [137]

    P. Bechtle, S. Heinemeyer, O. Stålet al., Eur. Phys. J. C74, 2711 (2014)

  • [138]

    P. Bechtle, D. Dercks, S. Heinemeyeret al., Eur. Phys. J. C80, 1211 (2020)

  • [139]

    P. Bechtle, O. Brein, S. Heinemeyeret al., Comput. Phys. Commun.181, 138 (2010)

  • [140]

    F. Mahmoudi, Comput. Phys. Commun.180, 1579 (2009)

  • [141]

    P. A. Zylaet al, PTEP2020, 083C (2020)

  • [142]

    H. J. He, N. Polonsky, S. Suet al., Phys. Rev. D64, 053004 (2001)

  • [143]

    H. E. Haber and D. ONeil, Phys. Rev. D83, 055017 (2011)

  • [144]

    A. Djouadi, Phys. Rept.459, 1 (2008)

  • [145]

    H. Hattori, T. Kobayashi, N. Omotoet al., Phys. Rev. D92, 103518 (2015)

  • [146]

    C. L. Wainwright, Comput. Phys. Commun.183, 2006 (2012)

  • [147]

    N. Chen, T. Li, and Y. Wu, JHEP08, 117 (2020)

  • [148]

    T. Hiramatsu, M. Kawasaki, and K. Saikawa, JCAP02, 031 (2014)

  • [149]

    K. Saikawa, Universe3, 40 (2017)

  • [150]

    M. Kawasaki, K. Kohri, and T. Moroi, Phys. Rev. D71, 083502 (2005)

  • [151]

    L. Husdal, Galaxies4, 78 (2016)

  • [152]

    T. Hiramatsu, M. Kawasaki, and K. Saikawa, JCAP05, 032 (2010)

  • [153]

    C. L. Carilli and S. Rawlings, New Astron. Rev.48, 979 (2004)

  • [154]

    A. Mitridate, D. Wright, R. von Eckardsteinet al., arXiv: 2306.16377

  • [155]

    W. G. Lamb, S. R. Taylor, and R. van Haasteren, Phys. Rev. D108, 103019 (2023)

  • [156]

    J. A. Ellis, M. Vallisneri, S. R. Taylor, and P. T. Baker, https://zenodo.org/records/4059815, retrieved 10th May 2025

Baidu
map