Back Article

K. Akiyamaet al. (Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration), Astrophys. J. Lett.875, L1 (2019), arXiv: 1906.11238

Eᴠᴇɴᴛ Hᴏʀɪᴢᴏɴ Tᴇʟᴇsᴄᴏᴘᴇ Collaboration, Astrophys. J. Lett.930, L12 (2022), arXiv: 2311.08680

P. V. P. Cunha and C. A. R. Herdeiro, Gen. Rel. Grav.50, 42 (2018), arXiv: 1801.00860

H. Falcke, F. Melia, and E. Agol, Astrophys. J. Lett.528, L13 (2000), arXiv: astro-ph/9912263

X. X. Zeng, K. J. He, G. P. Liet al., Eur. Phys. J. C82, 764 (2022), arXiv: 2209.05938

X. X. Zeng, K. J. He, and G. P. Li, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron.65, 290411 (2022), arXiv: 2111.05090

S. E. Gralla, D. E. Holz, and R. M. Wald, Phys. Rev. D100, 024018 (2019), arXiv: 1906.00873

V. Cardoso and P. Pani, Living Rev. Rel.22, 4 (2019), arXiv: 1904.05363

R. D. Blandford and R. L. Znajek, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.179, 433 (1977)

N. I. Shakura and R. A. Sunyaev, Astron. Astrophys.24, 337 (1973)

A. P. Lightman and D. M. Eardley, Astrophys. J. Lett.187, L1 (1974)

J. P. Luminet, Astron. Astrophys.75, 228 (1979)

K. Beckwith and C. Done, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc.359, 1217 (2005), arXiv: astro-ph/0411339

R. Narayan, M. D. Johnson, and C. F. Gammie, Astrophys. J. Lett.885, L33 (2019), arXiv: 1910.02957

X. X. Zeng, H. Q. Zhang, and H. Zhang, Eur. Phys. J. C80, 872 (2020), arXiv: 2004.12074

M. Heydari-Fard, M. Heydari-Fard, and N. Riazi, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D32, 2350088 (2023), arXiv: 2307.01529

G. P. Li, H. B. Zheng, K. J. Heet al., Eur. Phys. J. C85, 249 (2025), arXiv: 2410.17295

X. X. Zeng, G. P. Li, and K. J. He, Nucl. Phys. B974, 115639 (2022), arXiv: 2106.14478

G. P. Li and K. J. He, JCAP06, 037 (2021), arXiv: 2105.08521

C. Y. Yang, K. J. He, X. X. Zenget al., arXiv: 2508.07393

C. Y. Yang, M. I. Aslam, X. X. Zenget al., JHEAp46, 345 (2025), arXiv: 2411.11807

Z. Zhang, S. Chen, and J. Jing, JCAP09, 027 (2024), arXiv: 2404.12223

Z. Zhang, Y. Hou, M. Guoet al., JCAP05, 032 (2024), arXiv: 2401.14794

K. Gjorgjieski, J. Kunz, and P. Nedkova, Eur. Phys. J. C84, 286 (2024), arXiv: 2401.13857

X. M. Kuang, Z. Y. Tang, B. Wanget al., Phys. Rev. D106, 064012 (2022), arXiv: 2206.05878

G. P. Li, M. Q. Wu, K. J. Heet al., Phys. Rev. D113, 043009 (2026), arXiv: 2505.14734

J. Huang, Z. Zhang, M. Guoet al., Phys. Rev. D109, 124062 (2024), arXiv: 2402.16293

T. C. Lee, Z. Hu, M. Guoet al., Phys. Rev. D108, 024008 (2023), arXiv: 2211.04143

Y. Hou, J. Huang, M. Guoet al., Astrophys. J. Lett.988, L51 (2025), arXiv: 2409.07248

Y. Chen, L. Cheng, P. Wanget al., Phys. Rev. D112, 024044 (2025), arXiv: 2409.05304

X. X. Zeng, H. Ye, K. J. Heet al., Eur. Phys. J. C85, 1211 (2025), arXiv: 2507.11583

H. Zhu and M. Guo,Polarized image of synchrotron radiations of hotspots in Schwarzschilld-Melvin black hole spacetime, arXiv: 2205.04777

A.M. Beloborodov, Astrophys. J. Lett.566, L85 (2002), arXiv: astro-ph/0201117

Eᴠᴇɴᴛ Hᴏʀɪᴢᴏɴ Tᴇʟᴇsᴄᴏᴘᴇ Collaboration, Astrophys. J.912, 35 (2021), arXiv: 2105.01804

Z. Gelles, E. Himwich, D. C. M. Palumboet al., Phys. Rev. D104, 044060 (2021), arXiv: 2105.09440

X. Qin, S. Chen, X. Fuet al., Eur. Phys. J. C82, 784 (2022), arXiv: 2111.10138

H. Y. Shi and T. Zhu, Eur. Phys. J. C84, 814 (2024)

V. Deliyski, G. Gyulchev, P. Nedkovaet al., Phys. Rev. D108, 104049 (2023), arXiv: 2303.14756

D. Lovelock, J. Math. Phys.13, 874 (1972)

C. Lanczos, Annals Math.39, 842 (1938)

D. Lovelock, J. Math. Phys.12, 498 (1971)

B. Zwiebach, Phys. Lett. B156, 315 (1985)

S. Nojiri, S. D. Odintsov, and V. K. Oikonomou, Phys. Rev. D99, 044050 (2019), arXiv: 1811.07790

D. L. Wiltshire, Phys. Lett. B169, 36 (1986)

D. G. Boulware and S. Deser, Phys. Rev. Lett.55, 2656 (1985)

R. G. Cai, Phys. Rev. D65, 084014 (2002), arXiv: hep-th/0109133

I. P. Neupane, Phys. Rev. D69, 084011 (2004), arXiv: hep-th/0302132

M. H. Dehghani, Phys. Rev. D67, 064017 (2003), arXiv: hep-th/0211191

T. Torii and H. Maeda, Phys. Rev. D71, 124002 (2005)

S. G. Ghosh, D. V. Singh, and S. D. Maharaj, Phys. Rev. D97, 104050 (2018)

S. Mahapatra, Eur. Phys. J. C80, 992 (2020), arXiv: 2004.09214

K. Aoki, M. A. Gorji, and S. Mukohyama, Phys. Lett. B810, 135843 (2020)

J. F. Donoghue, Phys. Rev. D50, 3874 (1994), arXiv: gr-qc/9405057

B. Bayarsaikhanet al., Eur. Phys. J. C83, 238 (2023)

W.-Y. Ai, Commun. Theo. Phys.72, 095402 (2020)

R. A. Hennigar, D. Kubizňák, R. B. Mannet al., JHEP07, 027 (2020), arXiv: 2004.09472

D. Glavan and C. Lin, Phys. Rev. Lett.124, 081301 (2020), arXiv: 1905.03601

M. Gürses, T.Ç. Şişman, and B. Tekin, Eur. Phys. J. C80, 647 (2020), arXiv: 2004.03390

F. W. Shu, Phys. Lett. B811, 135907 (2020), arXiv: 2004.09339

H. Lu and Y. Pang, Phys. Lett. B809, 135717 (2020), arXiv: 2003.11552

P. G. S. Fernandes, P. Carrilho, T. Cliftonet al., Phys. Rev. D102, 024025 (2020), arXiv: 2004.08362

P. G.S. Fernandes, P. Carrilho, T. Cliftonet al., Class. Quant. Grav.39, 063001 (2022), arXiv: 2202.13908

M. Azreg-Aïnou, Phys. Rev. D90, 064041 (2014), arXiv: 1405.2569

M. Azreg-Aïnou, Eur. Phys. J. C74, 2865 (2014), arXiv: 1401.4292

R. Kumar and S. G. Ghosh, JCAP07, 053 (2020), arXiv: 2003.08927

R. P. Kerr, Phys. Rev. Lett.11, 237 (1963)

S. Chandrasekhar,The mathematical theory of black holes, (Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press, 1985)

B. Carter, Phys. Rev.174, 1559 (1968)

P. V. P. Cunha, C. A. R. Herdeiro, E. Raduet al., Phys. Rev. Lett.115, 211102 (2015), arXiv: 1509.00021

Z. Hu, Z. Zhong, P. C. Liet al., Phys. Rev. D103, 044057 (2021), arXiv: 2012.07022

Y. Hou, Z. Zhang, H. Yanet al., Phys. Rev. D106, 064058 (2022), arXiv: 2206.13744

A. Chael, M. D. Johnson, and A. Lupsasca, Astrophys. J.918, 6 (2021), arXiv: 2106.00683

Z. Zhang, Y. Hou, and M. Guo, Chin. Phys. C48, 085106 (2024), arXiv: 2305.14924

G. B. Rybicki and A. P. Lightman,Radiative Processes in Astrophysics, (Wiley-Interscience, 1979)

Z. Gelles, A. Chael, and E. Quataert, Astrophys. J.981, 204 (2025), arXiv: 2410.00954

J. Huang, L. Zheng, M. Guoet al., JCAP11, 054 (2024), arXiv: 2407.10431

X. X. Zeng, C. Y. Yang, H. Yuet al., Eur. Phys. J. C86, 169 (2026), arXiv: 2508.11992